Challenges to national defence in contemporary geopolitical situation

This study evaluates the positioning performance of non‑survey‑grade GNSS devices (smartphones, sport watches, and IoT trackers) across open terrain, urban canyons, and forest environments. A spatio‑temporal synchronization framework with decomposition into along‑track and cross‑track error components is applied using a post‑processed geodetic reference. The results reveal pronounced generational differences among tracking devices, strong environment‑dependent performance degradation, and fundamental physical limits of low‑cost GNSS relevant to tactical and autonomous applications.