Challenges to national defence in contemporary geopolitical situation

The emergence of multidomain operations (MDO) challenges traditional principles of land warfare, particularly the combined arms principle. Although MDO dominates contemporary doctrinal and academic debates, its relationship to foundational land combat principles remains insufficiently conceptualized. This article examines how the combined arms principle is transformed within a multidomain operational environment and assesses implications for training mechanized units. Using a conceptual-analytical approach grounded in doctrinal analysis and military theory, the article argues that combined arms integration retains relevance but shifts toward cross-domain effects integration, producing significant consequences for command, decision-making, and training design in modern land forces and operational force development.