Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija

This study evaluates the implementation of NATO environmental protection requirements across operational phases using a checklist-based gap analysis. Eight environmental domains within the Czech Armed Forces were assessed by comparing current and target states of compliance. Results indicate overall high to full implementation, with full compliance achieved in waste management, POL handling, HAZMAT and water management. Higher implementation gaps persist in air quality, energy management, and infrastructure planning, reflecting sensitivity to operational constraints. The findings confirm that environmental compliance is phase-dependent and influenced by infrastructure, logistics, and resource availability, highlighting the need for scalable and early integrated environmental measures.

This article analyses military activities in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) from a legal point of view. It starts from the discussion of the principles of Mare Liberum and Mare Clausum, which are at the basis of the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This latter is the main instrument regulating the relations among states at sea. The tension between the two principles reflects the tension between coastal State control and maritime State that dominates the whole discussion on which this article is written. The analysis is supported by a recent example, namely the NordBalt case that clearly shows both the uncertainty of the issue and the relevance of the topic in the relations between states.