This article aims to review the economic cooperation between two countries, with more attention devoted to the energy sector as seen in the light of positive economics that describes the world as it is - through statistical indicators, calculations, statements and examples (as opposite to normative economics). The intentions are to analyze the economic trends, events and facts in Russia and Lithuania between the years 2004-2005, focusing on the significance of the national energy system, explaining reasons of certain solutions, unveiling the strategists and executors as well as possible consequences affecting the economic development and the economic security of the population.