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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cndcgs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Challenges to national defence in contemporary geopolitical situation</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2538-8959</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2669-2023</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>LKA</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">55_CNDCGS2026_RYBAR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47459/cndcgs.2026.55</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cognitive Warfare and Language Models: Detecting Pro-Kremlin Narratives in the Czech Online Information Space Through Comparative Ideological Fine-Tuning</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>RYBÁR</surname>
            <given-names>Matej</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:matej.rybar@unob.cz">matej.rybar@unob.cz</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_000"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">∗</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_000">Institute of Intelligence Studies, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <volume>2026</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>487</fpage>
      <lpage>496</lpage>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p>Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>This paper examines whether adapting a multilingual large language model (LLM) to clearly pro‑Kremlin or pro‑Western texts can improve the automatic detection of pro‑Kremlin narratives in Czech‑language content. The study compares three variants of the same model: a base multilingual model, a pro‑Kremlin adapter trained on Russian‑language texts with pro‑Kremlin framing, and a pro‑Western adapter trained on Western sources that respond to the same topics from an opposing perspective. All models are fine‑tuned using a parameter‑efficient method and evaluated on a small Czech corpus covering five key narrative types. The pro‑Kremlin adapter shows the strongest ability to distinguish between texts with pro‑Kremlin framing and neutral texts, while the pro‑Western adapter brings only a modest improvement over the base model. These findings suggest that exposing an LLM to ideologically aligned training data can make it more sensitive to that ideology, with potential applications for supporting the detection of hostile information operations in smaller‑language NATO member states.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Keywords</label>
        <kwd>cognitive warfare</kwd>
        <kwd>pro‑Kremlin narratives</kwd>
        <kwd>disinformation</kwd>
        <kwd>Czech Republic</kwd>
        <kwd>large language models</kwd>
        <kwd>ideological fine‑tuning</kwd>
        <kwd>LoRA</kwd>
        <kwd>QLoRA</kwd>
        <kwd>narrative detection</kwd>
        <kwd>information operations</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
