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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cndcgs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Challenges to national defence in contemporary geopolitical situation</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2538-8959</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2669-2023</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>LKA</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20_2026_VRBKA</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47459/cndcgs.2026.20</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Experimental Verification of Standardized Explosive Charges for Research into the Effects of Blast Waves on People and Structures During Explosive Tactical Breaching</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>VRBKA</surname>
            <given-names>Jakub</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:jakub.vrbka@unob.cz">jakub.vrbka@unob.cz</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_000"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">∗</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_000">Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>ŠTOLLER</surname>
            <given-names>Jiří</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_001"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_001">Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>CIBULOVÁ</surname>
            <given-names>Klára</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_002"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_002">Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>MAŇAS</surname>
            <given-names>Pavel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_003"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_003">Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>DVOŘÁK</surname>
            <given-names>Petr</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_004"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_004">Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>BILINA</surname>
            <given-names>Michal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_cndcgs_aff_005"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_cndcgs_aff_005">Department of Engineer Support, Faculty of Military Leadership, University of Defence, Czech Republic</aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <volume>2026</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>174</fpage>
      <lpage>181</lpage>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <license-p>Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY)</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>This paper addresses the problem of experimental reproducibility in the study of blast effects during explosive tactical breaching. In real conditions, breaching charges exhibit significant variability, which complicates the comparison of measured pressure responses and limits systematic research. The study investigates whether real breaching charges can be replaced by standardized spherical charges with an equivalent TNT effect. Experimental measurements were carried out in a training facility using pressure sensors, and the results were evaluated in terms of peak overpressure, impulse, and pressure-time history. The findings indicate that standardized charges provide comparable blast characteristics, with differences within acceptable limits. The proposed approach enables more reproducible experiments and creates a basis for further research on structural resilience and human exposure to repeated blast loading.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Keywords</label>
        <kwd>explosive breaching</kwd>
        <kwd>blast wave</kwd>
        <kwd>overpressure</kwd>
        <kwd>impulse</kwd>
        <kwd>structural resilience</kwd>
        <kwd>experimental standardization</kwd>
        <kwd>additive manufacturing</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
